📜
Learn Shona Study Guide
Nhetembo dzeChiShona
Authentic Traditional & Literary Poetry Anthology
A curated collection of 14 poems across children’s rhymes, parental tributes,
love poetry, clan praises (Detembwe), and timeless African life lessons.
Zviri Mukati (Table of Contents):
- Maita Amai (Thank You, Mother)
- Mvura Naya Naya (Rain, Fall and Bless the Earth)
- Zuva Rabuda (The Morning Sun Has Risen)
- Nyika yeZimbabwe (Zimbabwe, Our Beloved Homeland)
- Mudiwa Wangu (My Beloved (A Rose Among Thorns))
- Kushingirira Muhupenyu (Perseverance in Life)
- Chara Chimwe Hachitswanyi Inda (One Finger Cannot Crush a Louse (Unity in Community))
- Rumbidzo Kuna Baba (In Honor of Father)
- Sahwira Womwoyo (The Faithful Soul Friend (Sahwira))
- Mwedzi Muchena Padare (Bright Moon by the Fireside)
- Detembwe reSoko Mukanya (Clan Praise: Soko Mukanya (The Monkey/Baboon))
- Detembwe reShumba Nyamuzihwa (Clan Praise: Shumba (The Lion))
- Nguva Haimiriri Munhu (Time Waits for No One)
- Katsi Yangu neMbeva (My Cat and the Mouse)
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Ndima 1
Amai makandibereka muzuva nemumvura,
Mother, you carried me through scorching sun and driving rain,
Kumbereko kwenyu kwakandifadza makore.
Your loving back kept me safe and comforted for years.
Makatakura pamusana pasina kunyunyuta,
You carried me on your back without a single murmur of complaint,
Ndichichema muchindinyaradza nenziyo dzerudo.
When I cried, you gently soothed me with sweet lullabies of love.
Ndima 2
Makamwa mvura inotonhora ndikaguta ini,
You endured plain cold water so that I could drink and be full,
Masikati nousiku muchindipepeta sembambaira.
Day and night you tended to me as gently as sweet potato shoots.
Makandidzidzisa kutaura, kufamba, nekukudza vakuru,
You taught me how to speak, how to walk, and to respect our elders,
Mudzidzi wenyu nhasi ava munhu ane unhu.
Your little student today has grown into a person of dignity and character.
Ndima 3
Maita basa amai vangu, maita Chidokohori,
Thank you for your tireless work, my mother; thank you cherished one,
Moyo wenyu chena unokunda sirivha nendarama.
Your pure, radiant heart is worth more than silver and gold.
Mwari wedenga akupei makomborero nemazuva marefu,
May the God of Heaven shower you with abundant blessings and long life,
Zuva haridoki ndisina kukurumbidzai!
The sun will never set without me singing your heartfelt praises!
💡 Mashoko Anokosha (Vocabulary):
| ChiShona |
Pronunciation |
English Meaning |
| Kumbereko |
koom-beh-REH-koh |
The baby-carrying cloth or act of carrying on back |
| Kunyunyuta |
koo-nyoo-NYOO-tah |
To grumble, complain, or murmur discontent |
| Pepeta |
peh-PEH-tah |
To nurture tenderly; to winnow or care with delicacy |
| Unhu |
OON-hoo |
Virtue, moral integrity, Ubuntu human dignity |
| Chidokohori |
chee-doh-koh-HOH-ree |
Affectionate praise name expressing deep love for mother |
🌱 Chidzidzo (Lesson): Amai musimboti werudo rweupenyu; vana vanofanira kuvakudza nekupemberera basa ravo. — A mother is the foundation of unconditional love; children should honor and express gratitude for her lifelong devotion.
Ndima 1
Mvura naya naya, tidye magaka,
Rain, fall down gently so we may feast on fresh melons,
Munda wapfunhuka, goho rava pedyo.
The fields have sprouted anew, the rich harvest is near.
Miti inotumbuka nemashizha manyoro,
The trees blossom with tender, verdant leaves,
Mafuro omerera mombe dzedu dzigute.
The pastures grow lush so our cattle may graze and be satisfied.
Ndima 2
Vana vomhanya vachitamba mumvura,
Children run laughing and dancing beneath the falling rain,
Madonhwe anodonha seupfumi hwepasi.
Every cooling droplet descends like riches from the skies.
Naya mvura yakanaka unyaradze nyota,
Fall, sweet rain, and quench the parched earth’s thirst,
Nyika yese yofara neupenyu hutsva!
The entire land rejoices with vibrant new life!
💡 Mashoko Anokosha (Vocabulary):
| ChiShona |
Pronunciation |
English Meaning |
| Magaka |
mah-GAH-kah |
Wild cucumbers, watermelons, or field gourds |
| Wapfunhuka |
wah-pfoo-NYOO-kah |
Sprouted, blossomed afresh with green shoots |
| Goho |
GOH-hoh |
Harvest, yield from agricultural fields |
| Mafuro |
mah-FOO-roh |
Grazing pastures for livestock |
| Madonhwe |
mah-DOH-nweh |
Raindrops or dew drops |
🌱 Chidzidzo (Lesson): Zvisikwa nemvura zvinopa upenyu kune vose; ngatifarei pamwe chete nezvipo zvepasi. — Nature and rain nourish all living things; we celebrate togetherness and the blessings of the earth.
Ndima 1
Kukurigo! Jongwe rarira mudanga,
Cock-a-doodle-doo! The rooster crows proudly in the pen,
Husiku hwaenda, chiedza chavheneka.
The dark night has fled, and brilliant daylight shines bright.
Zuva dzvuku rabuda pamusoro pegomo,
The golden-red sun has crested the mountain peak,
Rinodzidzisa nyika kuti nguva yamuka.
Reminding the sleepy world that a new dawn has awakened.
Ndima 2
Dova riri pauswa sesirivha inopenya,
The morning dew on the emerald grass sparkles like silver,
Mhepo inofefetera inopa mweya mutsva.
A gentle, refreshing morning breeze brings renewed life.
Muka ugeze kumeso nemvura inotonhorera,
Arise, splash cool water on your face,
Pinduka ushinge, zuva ranhasi nderako!
Step forward with courage, for this bright day is yours!
💡 Mashoko Anokosha (Vocabulary):
| ChiShona |
Pronunciation |
English Meaning |
| Kukurigo |
koo-koo-REE-goh |
Onomatopoeia for rooster crow (cock-a-doodle-doo) |
| Chiedza |
chee-EH-dzah |
Light, dawn brightness, clarity |
| Dova |
DOH-vah |
Morning dew glistening on foliage |
| Inofefetera |
ee-noh-feh-feh-TEH-rah |
Blowing softly and gently (cool breeze) |
🌱 Chidzidzo (Lesson): Kumuka mangwanani kunounza hutano, uchenjeri, nebudiriro pamabasa ose. — Rising early with an eager spirit brings vitality, wisdom, and success to all your endeavors.
Ndima 1
Nyika yeZimbabwe, tsime ramadzitateguru,
Land of Zimbabwe, sacred cradle of our ancestors,
Ivhu rakapfuma rinofudza vanhu vose.
Rich, fertile soil that nourishes all people.
Kumabvazuva kune makomo marefu eNyanga,
In the east rise the towering, mist-shrouded peaks of Nyanga,
Kumaodzanyemba kune Zambezi inorira seMosi-oa-Tunya.
In the north flows the mighty Zambezi, thundering at Victoria Falls.
Ndima 2
Dzimba dzeMabwe dzakamira dzakasimba kwemazana emakore,
The Great Stone Houses have stood unbroken for centuries,
Chiratidzo cheuchenjeri neunyanzvi hwemadzitateguru.
An eternal testament to the genius and masonry of our forebears.
Nyika yerugare, tariro, netsika dzakarurama,
Land of serene peace, enduring hope, and honorable traditions,
Mwari ropafadzai Zimbabwe, tichengetei tiri vamwe!
God bless Zimbabwe, and keep us united as one family!
💡 Mashoko Anokosha (Vocabulary):
| ChiShona |
Pronunciation |
English Meaning |
| Tsime |
TSEE-meh |
Water spring, wellspring, origin or source |
| Madzitateguru |
mah-dzee-tah-teh-GOO-roo |
Ancestors, forefathers, founding matriarchs and patriarchs |
| Mosi-oa-Tunya |
MOH-see-oh-ah-TOON-yah |
The Smoke That Thunders (Victoria Falls) |
| Ropafadzai |
roh-pah-FAH-dzah-ee |
Bless, bestow divine favor upon |
🌱 Chidzidzo (Lesson): Kuda nekukoshesa nyika yekumusha kwedu kunounza kuremekedzana nekubatana. — Loving and honoring one’s heritage and homeland inspires mutual respect, unity, and shared pride.
Ndima 1
Ziso rako rinopenya semheni inopenya murima,
Your eyes gleam like gentle lightning in the evening sky,
Kunyemwerera kwako kunonyaradza mwoyo une shungu.
Your radiant smile brings peaceful solace to an aching heart.
Kufamba kwako zvinyoronyoro semhepo yemurwizi,
You walk with graceful softness like a breeze along the riverbank,
Uri ruva rakanaka rakachengetwa mumunda weupenyu.
You are a rare, exquisite flower cherished in the garden of life.
Ndima 2
Rudo rwako haruna manomano kana kunyepedzera,
Your true love holds no deceit or hollow pretenses,
Runodziya sezuva remuchirimo rinopfumisa pasi.
It warms the soul like spring sunshine making the earth blossom.
Pandiri newe nyika yose inoita sendima yemufaro,
Whenever I am by your side, the world feels like a field of pure joy,
Chitsidzo changu kwauri chinoramba chiripo nokusingaperi.
My promise to you stands unbroken through all the years to come.
💡 Mashoko Anokosha (Vocabulary):
| ChiShona |
Pronunciation |
English Meaning |
| Shungu |
SHOON-goo |
Deep longing, heartfelt passion, anxious yearning |
| Zvinyoronyoro |
zvee-nyoh-roh-NYOH-roh |
Gently, softly, with graceful poise |
| Manomano |
mah-noh-MAH-noh |
Cunning tricks, deceit, pretenses |
| Muchirimo |
moo-chee-REE-moh |
Spring season / warm period before summer rains |
| Chitsidzo |
chee-TSEE-dzoh |
Solemn pledge, holy vow, steadfast covenant |
🌱 Chidzidzo (Lesson): Rudo rwechokwadi runobva pamwoyo wakachena, unovaka nekukoshesa umwe pasina kunyengedza. — Authentic love springs from a sincere heart, building trust, mutual respect, and lifelong devotion.
Ndima 1
Gungwa guru rinoyambuka uyo asingatyi masaisai,
The vast ocean is crossed by the soul unafraid of surging waves,
Gomo refu rinokwirwa netsoka dzinoramba dzichifamba.
The highest mountain is climbed by feet that keep marching forward.
Usakande mapfumo pasi zuva richiri mudenga,
Never surrender your spear while the sun still rides the sky,
Kudonha hakusi kuparara, simuka upukute guruva!
Stumbling is not defeat; stand up tall and brush off the dust!
Ndima 2
Ziya rako renhasi ndiro mukaka nezviyo zvamangwana,
Your honest sweat today is tomorrow’s milk and harvest,
Uyo anorara mumumvuri munguva yekudyara,
Whoever idles in the shade during the planting season,
Achakumbira zvekudya mumwaka wekukohwa.
Will beg for crumbs when the harvest moon appears.
Shinga mwana wevhu, upenyu hunoda mushandirapamwe!
Be resilient, child of the soil; life rewards courage and collaboration!
💡 Mashoko Anokosha (Vocabulary):
| ChiShona |
Pronunciation |
English Meaning |
| Masaisai |
mah-sah-ee-SAH-ee |
Surging waves, turbulent ripples |
| Mapfumo |
mah-PFOO-moh |
Spears (metaphor for tools or defense) |
| Kuparara |
koo-pah-RAH-rah |
Total destruction or ruin; stumbling is not perishing |
| Mushandirapamwe |
moo-shahn-dee-rah-PAH-mweh |
Collective cooperative work, solidarity |
🌱 Chidzidzo (Lesson): Munhu anoshanda nesimba uye asingakandi mapfumo pasi anowana budiriro nerugare. — Whoever works diligently and refuses to surrender will attain victory, prosperity, and peace of mind.
Ndima 1
Chara chimwe hachitswanyi inda,
A single finger can never crush a louse alone,
Rutsoka rumwe harufambi rwega musango.
A single foot cannot journey through the wild forest.
Huni imwe yoga haibviri pachoto kuti moto ukwire,
One log alone cannot kindle the hearth fire,
Asi svinga rehuni rinopisira dzinza rose.
Yet a gathered bundle of wood warms the entire village clan.
Ndima 2
Kana tikabatana maoko semipanda yemba,
When our hands link together like upright pillars of a house,
Dutu guru harimbofi rakawisira denga redu.
The fiercest gale can never bring our rooftop down.
Mukoma batsira munin’ina, mubereki batsira mwana,
Elder sibling help the younger, parent guide the child,
Simba redu chairo riri murudo nekubatana!
Our true, unbreakable strength lives in love and solidarity!
💡 Mashoko Anokosha (Vocabulary):
| ChiShona |
Pronunciation |
English Meaning |
| Chara |
CHAH-rah |
Single finger or thumb |
| Svinga |
SVEE-ngah |
A tied bundle of firewood gathered together |
| Mipanda |
mee-PAH-ndah |
Upright supporting wall timbers of a roundhouse |
| Dutu |
DOO-too |
A raging windstorm or tempest |
🌱 Chidzidzo (Lesson): Kubatana nekushandira pamwe kunorwisa matambudziko ose; munhu haasi chitsuwa. — Unity and cooperation conquer life’s toughest hurdles; no person is an island.
Ndima 1
Baba, musimboti wedenga reimba yose,
Father, stalwart pillar holding up our family roof,
Munomuka machongwe asati ambopedza kurira.
You wake before the village roosters have finished calling.
Mumaoko enyu mune ziya rinoshandira vana,
In your weathered palms lies the honest sweat that feeds your children,
Mumba menyu mune chivindi, kudzivirirwa, nekudziya.
Within your home we find fearless courage, protection, and warmth.
Ndima 2
Makandidzidzisa kutwasuka pakati pevanhu,
You taught me to stand tall and walk upright amongst people,
Kuti zita remhuri risambosvibiswa nezvakaipa.
So that our family name is never stained with wrongdoing.
Mutsigo wenyu idombo risingazunguziki nemhepo,
Your discipline and wisdom are a rock unshaken by stormy winds,
Ndinotungamirirwa netsoka dzenyu dzakarurama!
I am guided forever by your honorable, steadfast footsteps!
💡 Mashoko Anokosha (Vocabulary):
| ChiShona |
Pronunciation |
English Meaning |
| Musimboti |
moo-seem-BOH-tee |
Central support pole, cornerstone of a building |
| Machongwe |
mah-CHOH-ngweh |
Roosters (calling at first dawn) |
| Chivindi |
chee-VEEN-dee |
Bravery, intestinal fortitude, heart of courage |
| Mutsigo |
moo-TSEE-goh |
Firm foundation, sound moral upbringing |
🌱 Chidzidzo (Lesson): Basa rababa rekuchengetedza nokurera mhuri rine chiremerera chikuru chisingakanganwiki. — A father’s sacrifice, discipline, and protective devotion hold immense dignity in the family lineage.
Ndima 1
Sahwira womwoyo haasi wekuchirimo chete,
A true soul companion is not merely there for the fair spring,
Apo mukombe unoyerera nemafaro ari pamusoro.
When the drinking gourd overflows and celebration reigns.
Sahwira wechokwadi anouya murima nemumatambudziko,
A real friend appears when shadows fall and hardships mount,
Apo vamwe vanotiza achikupa ruoko rwerusununguko.
When others flee, they extend a sheltering hand of liberty.
Ndima 2
Anokuudza chokwadi pasina kutya kana godo,
They speak honest truth to you without fear or petty jealousy,
Anokuseka paunotadza kuti udzidze kuseka wega.
They tease away your blunders so you learn to laugh at yourself.
Hukama hwemwoyo hunokunda hwemakushe,
The deep covenant of the heart transcends shallow surface ties,
Maita sahwira, shamwari isina muganhu!
Thank you, faithful companion, friend whose loyalty knows no bounds!
💡 Mashoko Anokosha (Vocabulary):
| ChiShona |
Pronunciation |
English Meaning |
| Sahwira |
sah-HWEE-rah |
Ritual best friend, covenant companion in Shona custom |
| Mukombe |
moo-KOH-mbeh |
Drinking gourd or calabash ladled with refreshment |
| Godo |
GOH-doh |
Envy, ill-spirited jealousy |
| Hwemakushe |
hweh-mah-KOO-sheh |
Shallow, superficial (literally: hair-deep) |
🌱 Chidzidzo (Lesson): Shamwari yechokwadi inozivikanwa pakutambudzika; kuchengetedza usahwira chipo chikuru cheupenyu. — A true friend proves themselves in adversity; cultivating genuine friendship is one of life’s greatest treasures.
Ndima 1
Mwedzi muchena wavheneka pamusha wedu,
The pure white moon sheds gentle radiance across our homestead,
Vana vaungana padare rinodziya raGogo.
Children have clustered together at Grandmother’s warm hearth.
Moto unopfuta uchiridza muridzo wekunakidza,
The logs crackle cheerfully, whistling a comforting tune,
Tsuro naGudo vomuka mungano dzekare.
Hare and Baboon awaken again in tales told from of old.
Ndima 2
Rima ratiza, mwedzi wotonga mudenga,
The dark has fled, as the silver moon reigns over the heavens,
Nziyo dzorira vana vachiuchira norufaro.
Songs echo as little hands clap in rhythmic delight.
Nhaka yechinyakare haitongofi kana kupera,
Our ancestral heritage will never wither nor fade away,
Pasi pemwedzi unotizadza norugare rusingaperi.
Underneath this moon that fills our hearts with eternal peace.
💡 Mashoko Anokosha (Vocabulary):
| ChiShona |
Pronunciation |
English Meaning |
| Padare |
pah-DAH-reh |
At the traditional gathering place / family courtyard |
| Unopfuta |
oo-noh-PFOO-tah |
Kindling, burning brightly with crackling flame |
| Vachiuchira |
vah-chee-oo-CHEE-rah |
Clapping hands rhythmically with respect and joy |
| Rugare |
roo-GAH-reh |
Serenity, lasting peace and blessed abundance |
🌱 Chidzidzo (Lesson): Ngano nekurukurirano dzekare dzinodyara unhu netsika dzakanaka mupfungwa dzevana. — Fireside stories and ancestral tales sow seeds of moral character, wisdom, and cultural pride in young minds.
Ndima 1
Maita Soko, Mukanya,
Thank you noble Soko, stately Mukanya,
Vhudzichena, Matarirano,
Wise white-haired elders, respected beholders,
Mwana waGumboremvura,
Descendant of Gumboremvura, the harbinger of showers,
Maita vokwaMuringazuva naChirandu.
Thank you of the house of Muringazuva and Chirandu.
Ndima 2
Vanoera tsoko nehari,
Reverent ones who honor the sacred monkey and clay vessel,
Vanoziva miti yose nemipata yesango.
Masters who know every forest tree and winding valley.
Aiwa zvaitwa Mukanya, zvinoonekwa,
Indeed it is well done, Mukanya; your honor is plainly seen,
Maita vari Makoromokwa, varidzi vepasi!
Thank you dwellers of the high crags, true heirs of the land!
💡 Mashoko Anokosha (Vocabulary):
| ChiShona |
Pronunciation |
English Meaning |
| Mukanya |
moo-KAH-nyah |
Honorific for the stately, proud-walking Soko clan |
| Vhudzichena |
vhoo-dzee-CHEH-nah |
White hair of wisdom and seasoned experience |
| Gumboremvura |
goo-mboh-reh-MVOO-rah |
Praise title: Leg of Rain (bringer of prosperity) |
| Makoromokwa |
mah-koh-roh-MOH-kwah |
The steep mountain cliffs of ancestral refuge |
🌱 Chidzidzo (Lesson): Mutupo unobatanidza munhu nemadzitateguru ake; unomupa rukudzo nekumudzivirira. — Your totem binds you to your ancestors, conferring sacred lineage, honor, and identity.
Ndima 1
Maita Shumba, Nyamuzihwa,
Thank you noble Lion, famed and feared Nyamuzihwa,
Mhuka inotyisa musango guru.
Mighty sovereign beast in the heart of the wild forest.
Maita vokwaMurambwi, vene vamachira,
Thank you kin of Murambwi, owners of precious regal cloths,
Vanozarura nzira vamwe vachitya kupinda.
Pioneers who forge bold pathways where lesser hearts fear to tread.
Ndima 2
Zvaitwa Chihera, zvaitwa vokwaGuruswa,
Well done honored sisters (Chihera), well done dwellers of Guruuswa,
Varidzi venyika, vanochengeta danga redu.
Keepers of the domain, guardians who watch over our kraal.
Hukuru hwenyu hunozivikanwa pasi rose,
Your greatness is renowned across every land and river,
Maita vari Chivara, zvakwana mhuka huru!
Thank you dwellers of Chivara; we hail you, sovereign beast!
💡 Mashoko Anokosha (Vocabulary):
| ChiShona |
Pronunciation |
English Meaning |
| Nyamuzihwa |
nyah-moo-ZEE-hwah |
The widely known and acknowledged sovereign leader |
| Murambwi |
moo-RAH-mbwee |
Unbending, steadfast clan founder |
| Guruswa |
goo-ROO-swah |
The ancient ancestral grasslands of Shona migrations |
| Chivara |
chee-VAH-rah |
Council ground of elders and royal judges |
🌱 Chidzidzo (Lesson): Simba rechokwadi harishandisirwe kumanikidza vamwe, asi kudzivirira nokutungamirira rudzi. — True power is not exercised to oppress, but to protect, lead, and safeguard one’s people.
Ndima 1
Zuva rinokwira mudenga richimhanya,
The sun mounts the sky in swift, uninterrupted flight,
Harimbomiri kuti iwe upedze hope dzako.
It never pauses for you to finish lingering slumber.
Mwedzi unopera, gore ropinda rimwe,
A month slips by, and another fresh year takes its place,
Zuva rapfuura harimbofi rakadzoka zvakare.
A day once passed will never return to you again.
Ndima 2
Ita zvakanaka nhasi kune avo vaunoda,
Do good today for those you cherish and hold dear,
Taura mazwi anotapira mwoyo ichiri kurarama.
Speak sweet, encouraging words while hearts still beat.
Nguva haimiriri mambo kana murombo,
Time waits neither for crowned monarch nor humble beggar,
Koshesa nguva imwe neimwe yaunopiwa naMwari!
Treasure every single moment bestowed upon you by God!
💡 Mashoko Anokosha (Vocabulary):
| ChiShona |
Pronunciation |
English Meaning |
| Anotapira |
ah-noh-tah-PEE-rah |
Sweet, comforting, pleasant to the ear |
| Murombo |
moo-ROH-mboh |
Humble person, person of modest means |
| Koshesa |
koh-SHEH-sah |
Treasure, value dearly, prioritize |
| Kurarama |
koo-rah-RAH-mah |
Living, breathing, vibrant life |
🌱 Chidzidzo (Lesson): Nguva ipfuma inokosha; shandisa mazuva ako nekuchenjera kuita zvakanaka. — Time is our most precious currency; spend your days wisely, kindly, and with intention.
Ndima 1
Katsi yangu chena inorara pachoto,
My little white cat dozes happily by the hearth fire,
Inoti ‘mnyawu’ ichidziya moto.
Purring ‘meow’ as it bathes in the warm glow.
Mbeva ikabuda ichinonga tsanga mudura,
When a little mouse creeps out to nibble grain in the granary,
Katsi yodongorera meso oita marangangwa!
Cat peeps up wide-eyed, ears perked like saucers!
Ndima 2
Mbeva yakamuka yakadzika mugomba,
The nimble mouse darts into its bolt hole in a flash,
Katsi yasara ichinanzva muromo.
Leaving lazy cat blinking and licking its whiskers.
Usazvidze mudiki ane unyanzvi hwake,
Never despise the small one who possesses quick wits,
Mbeva yakapona nokuti yakangwara!
For the tiny mouse survived because it was alert and clever!
💡 Mashoko Anokosha (Vocabulary):
| ChiShona |
Pronunciation |
English Meaning |
| Pachoto |
pah-CHOH-toh |
Beside the hearth fire / cooking fire |
| Tsanga |
TSAH-ngah |
Grains, corn kernels, seeds |
| Marangangwa |
mah-rah-NGAH-ngwah |
Wide open, highly alert round eyes |
| Unyanzvi |
oo-nyahn-ZVEE |
Clever skill, dexterity, ingenuity |
🌱 Chidzidzo (Lesson): Kuve mudiki hazvirevi kushaya simba; pfungwa nekungwara zvinoponesa. — Being small is no handicap; alertness, agility, and wit outsmart raw brawn.